What is an SBA Loan? Everything You Need to Know

Where can you go when private financing sources turn you down for a business loan? For the small business owner, the answer is typically the U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA). The federal government has a vested interest in encouraging the growth of small businesses. As a result, some SBA loans have less stringent requirements for owner’s equity and collateral than do commercial loans, making the SBA an excellent financing source for startups. In addition, many SBA loans are for smaller sums than most banks are willing to lend.

Of course, that doesn’t mean the SBA is giving money away. In fact, the SBA does not actually make direct loans; instead, it provides an SBA guaranteed loan to entrepreneurs, promising the bank to pay back a certain percentage of your loan if you are unable to.

Banks participate in the SBA program as regular, certified, or as an SBA preferred lender. The SBA can help you prepare your small business loan package, which you then submit to banks. If the bank approves you, it submits your loan package to the SBA. Applications submitted by regular lenders are reviewed by the SBA in an average of two weeks, certified SBA lender applications are reviewed in three days, and approval through a preferred SBA lender is even faster.

The most basic SBA eligibility requirement for SBA loans is the ability to repay the loan from cash flow, but SBA lending also looks at personal credit history, industry experience, or other evidence of management ability, collateral, and owner’s equity contributions. If you own 20 percent or more equity in the business, the SBA asks that you personally guarantee the loan. After all, you can’t ask the government to back you if you’re not willing to back yourself. The SBA offers a wide variety of loan programs for businesses at various stages of development. Here’s a closer look:

7(a) Guaranty Loan Program

The primary and the most flexible SBA loan program is the 7(a) Loan Program.

The SBA does not lend money itself, but provides maximum loan guarantees of up to $5 million or 75 percent of the total loan amount, whichever is less. For loans that are less than $150,000, the maximum guarantee is 85 percent of the total loan amount. SBA policy prohibits lenders from charging many of the usual fees associated with commercial loans. Still, you can expect to pay a one-time guarantee fee, which the agency charges the lender and allows the lender to pass on to you.

An SBA 7a loan can be used for many business purposes, including real estate, expansion, equipment, working capital and inventory. The money can be paid back over as long as 25 years for real estate and equipment and 10 years for working capital. Interest rates vary with the type of loan you apply for.

SBAExpress Program

A general 7(a) loan may suit your business’s needs best, but the 7(a) program also offers several specialized loans. One of them, the SBAExpress Program, promises quick processing for amounts less than $350,000. SBAExpress can get you an answer quickly because approved SBAExpress lenders can use their own documentation and procedures to attach an SBA guarantee to an approved loan without having to wait for SBA approval. The SBA guarantees up to 50 percent of an SBA Express loan.

CAPLines

For businesses that need a working capital loan on a short-term or cyclical basis, the SBA has a collection of revolving and nonrevolving lines of credit called CAPLines. A revolving loan is similar to a business credit card, with which you carry a balance that goes up or down, depending on the payments and amounts you borrow. With nonrevolving lines of credit, you borrow a flat amount and pay it off over a set period of time.

SBA CAPLines provide business owners short-term credit, with loans that are guaranteed up to $2 million. There are five loan and line-of-credit programs that operate under the CAPLines umbrella:

1. Seasonal line of credit: designed to help businesses during peak seasons, when they face increases in inventory, accounts receivable, and labor costs.

2. Contract line of credit: used to finance labor and material costs involved in carrying out contracts.

3. Standard asset-based line of credit: helps businesses unable to meet credit qualifications associated with long-term credit; provides financing for cyclical, growth, recurring, or short-term needs

4. Small asset-based revolving line of credit: provides smaller, asset-based lines of credit (up to $200,000), with requirements that are not as strict as the standard asset-based program.

5. Builder’s line of credit: used to finance labor and materials costs for small general contractors and builders who are constructing or renovating commercial real estate or residential buildings.

Each of the five credit lines has a maturity of up to five years but can be tailored to the borrower’s needs.

MicroLoan Program

SBA financing isn’t limited to the 7(a) group of loans. The MicroLoan Program helps entrepreneurs get very small loans, up to $35,000. The loans can be used for machinery and equipment, furniture and fixtures, inventory, supplies, and working capital, but they cannot be used to pay existing debts or to purchase real estate. This program is unique because it assists borrowers who generally do not meet traditional lenders’ credit approval standards.

MicroLoans are administered through nonprofit intermediaries. These organizations receive loans from the SBA and then turn around and make loans to entrepreneurs. Small businesses applying for MicroLoan financing may be required to complete some business-skills training before a loan application is considered.

The maximum term loan for MicroLoans is six years, and the interest rates vary.

CDC/504 Loan Program

On the opposite end of the loan size spectrum is the SBA 504 Loan, which provides long-term, fixed-rate loans for financing fixed assets, usually real estate and equipment. Loans are most often used for growth and expansion.

504 Loans are made through Certified Development Companies (CDCs)–nonprofit intermediaries that work with the SBA, banks and businesses looking for financing. There are CDCs throughout the country, each covering an assigned region.

If you are seeking funds up to $5 million to buy or renovate a building or put in some major equipment, consider bringing your business plan and financial statements to a CDC. Typical percentages for this type of package are 50 percent financed by the bank, 40 percent by the CDC, and 10 percent by the business.

In exchange for this below-market, fixed-rate financing, the SBA expects the small business to create or retain jobs or to meet certain public policy goals. Businesses that meet these public policy goals are those whose expansion will contribute to a business district revitalization, such as an empowerment zone; a minority-owned business; an export or manufacturing company; or a company whose expansion will contribute to rural development.

HubZone Program

Since 1980, 40 states have established programs to designate enterprise zones, offering tax breaks and other incentives to businesses that locate in certain economically disadvantaged areas. States vary widely in the number of zones designated, incentives offered, and success of the programs. In some areas, businesses may also qualify for lower utility rates or low-interest financing from eligible government jurisdictions. To be eligible for any of these incentives, businesses must generally meet certain criteria, such as creating new jobs in a community.

The HubZone Program was set up to provide tax incentives and stimulate community investment and development. Specified urban and rural communities will receive grants and tax breaks for businesses in the area. The federal government’s involvement means entrepreneurs in those areas can get federal tax breaks, not just state.

If you choose to locate in an enterprise or empowerment zone, look beyond the tax breaks to consider long-term concerns such as the availability of a workforce and the accessibility of your target market. Make sure the zone offers other support services, such as streamlined licensing and permitting procedures. Most zones that succeed have high development potential, to begin with, with good highway access, a solid infrastructure, and a trainable labor force.

For more information on enterprise zones, contact your state’s economic development department or call HUD’s Office of Community Renewal at (202) 708-6339.

8(a) Business Development Program

The SBA’s 8(a) program is a small-business set-aside program that allows certified socially and economically disadvantaged companies to enter the federal procurement market as well as the economic mainstream. The 8(a) program is envisioned as a starter program for minority businesses, which must leave the program after nine years.

Entrepreneurs who participate in the 8(a) program are eligible for the 7(a) Guarantee Loan and the Pre-Qualification Programs. Businesses must be owned by socially and economically disadvantaged individuals. Socially disadvantaged categories include race and ethnicity. To qualify as economically disadvantaged, the person must have a net worth of less than $250,000 as well as two years’ worth of tax returns.

Export Working Capital Program

If you are planning to export, you should investigate the Export Working Capital Program. This allows a 90 percent guarantee on loans up to $2 million. Loan maturity is one year, and funds can be used for transaction financing. The exports financed must be shipped and titled from the United States.

Special Purpose Loans

If you believe you have a special case that requires extra help, you may be in luck. Of course, keep in mind that everybody believes they deserve extra help with financing, but in many situations, the SBA has a loan program tailor-made for your situation. If you’re starting a business, for instance, that pollutes the environment, but you plan to spend additional money to reduce the toxins you’re putting into the air, soil, or water, you may be eligible for a Pollution Control Loan, which is basically a 7(a) loan earmarked for businesses that are planning, designing or installing a pollution control facility. The facility must prevent, reduce, abate, or control any form of pollution, including recycling.

If your business plans to be active in international trade or your top competition is cheap imports, the International Trade (IT) Loan Program is something you should look into. The SBA can guarantee up to $1.75 million for fixed-asset financing (facilities and equipment) or refinancing of an existing loan for the same purposes. Working capital cannot be a part of an IT loan.

Numerous variations of the SBA’s general small business loans are made available to support special needs, including a disaster loan to help businesses in the wake of a crisis. So if you believe your business might fall into a category in which the SBA can funnel additional loans to you, it’s definitely an avenue worth checking out.

This article is an edited excerpt from “Start Your Own Business, Fifth Edition,” published by Entrepreneur Press.